Assembly lines for electronics products are complicated beasts, often composed of many custom tools and fixtures. Typically a microcontroller must be programmed with firmware, and the circuit board ...

Circuit board test, like any step in the PCB assembly process, benefits from lean manufacturing practices that continually improve process steps. If lean manufacturing principles were applied to ...

In-circuit test (ICT) systems have been the leaders in using electrical means to look for structural defects in PCBs. They employ bed-of-nails fixtures to provide electrical access to as many as 7000 ...

Over the last decade, there has been a move away from powered-up digital in-circuit vector testing to unpowered analog-based (vectorless) device-pin opens testing for large and sometimes small digital ...