Originally, operational amplifiers (op amps) were not thought of as candidates for RF design, but the advent of newer, faster devices has now made them an attractive option for some applications. The ...

Frequency mixers are often implemented using a diode bridge or a Gilbert cell. Both types of mixers use a local oscillator (LO) to flip the polarity of the radio-frequency (RF) input. When the LO is ...

In the first article about measurement systems we looked at sensors as a way to bring data into a measurement system. I explained that a sensor measures physical quantities which are turned into a ...

A fixed-frequency signal generator that can produce outputs simultaneously at multiple phases such as 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180° is sometimes needed for testing multi-channel analog-to-digital ...

And here it is, modelled using LTSpice. It is the same circuit as the classic simple precision rectifier (set to pass the negative half-sine), but with the non-inverting input of the op-amp connected ...