Emergency management practitioners struggle to justify investments in “contingent capabilities:” backup systems, surge capacity, and strategic reserves that provide value only during disasters.

Real Options Analysis (ROA) is an innovative framework that applies financial option theory to real-life investment decisions, thereby providing a dynamic method for evaluating projects under ...

This article presents practical ways on how decisions are made in banks when the future is uncertain, capital is limited, and regulation is unforgiving. The focus is on timing, choice, and disciplined ...